Context
Microbial-Based Cleaning Products (MBCPs) represent an emerging generation of hygiene solutions that prioritize microbiome-friendly cleaning over conventional disinfection. These products incorporate beneficial bacteria, primarily species from the genus Bacillus, into the formulas. Instead of sterilizing surfaces, MBCPs aim to promote balanced microbial ecosystems, offering lasting cleanliness without relying solely on harsh or short-acting chemicals. In addition, the long-lasting activity of MBCPs relies on the activity of probiotic enzymes that successfully degrade complex organic matter, such as dirt.
What Are Probiotics?
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when applied in adequate amounts, can help maintain or restore the balance of microbial ecosystems. While best known in the context of digestive and animal health, probiotics are increasingly used in cleaning technologies to support healthier indoor environments. In MBCPs, probiotics are introduced to surfaces where they support microbial stability and contribute to ongoing surface cleanliness through enzyme production.
Among probiotic microorganisms, Bacillus species are especially valued in external cleaning products due to their resilience and enzymatic activity.
Why Bacillus?
- Naturally resilient spore-forming bacteria, able to persist in harsh environmental conditions
- Considered safe (QPS status by EFSA; Risk Group 1)
- Commonly isolated from surrounding environments, such as soil and plant environments
- Capable of producing a wide range of enzymes that contribute to organic matter degradation
- Maintain long-term presence on surfaces due to spore stability, supporting continued surface action long after the product’s application
Modes of Action of Probiotics in MBCPs:
- Colonization and Persistence
Bacillus spores introduced through MBCPs adhere to treated surfaces, integrate into the surface microbiota, and germinate into active cells in response to environmental moisture and/or the presence of nutrients (dirt). Once metabolically active, they interact with the surroundings and persist over time. If the unfavourable environmental conditions appear (no humidity, no nutrients), Bacillus can survive them by its natural spore-forming capacity. These spores will persist until the new optimal conditions develop. - Enzymatic Dirt Degradation
After attachment and successful colonisation, activated Bacillus cells secrete extracellular enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, amylases, etc. These enzymes break down complex organic materials, such as food particles, grease, and other residues, into smaller molecules, which are further used as a nutrient source by Bacillus. This contributes to surface cleanliness by enabling the removal of micro-scale organic matter that would otherwise accumulate. - Microbial Balance through Ecological Integration
By occupying available ecological space and consuming shared organic nutrients, Bacillus strains help stabilize microbial communities on treated surfaces. This reduces microbial volatility and fosters a more consistent surface ecosystem, without exerting direct selective pressure or antimicrobial activity. - Odor Management via Biochemical Transformation
The enzymatic degradation of odor-releasing compounds (e.g., fatty acids, ammonia, sulfur compounds) by Bacillus results in less volatile, non-odorous byproducts (e.g., CO₂, water, organic acids). In combination with ecological surface balance, this contributes to sustained odor control without masking agents.
Written by Sofija Andric, Scientific Manager at Probiotic Group Luxembourg S.A.
